After running your samples on a mass spectrometer, you want to find out if there are interesting patterns in the data. But the first challenge is how do you get the data from the files that your mass spectrometer produced into R?
In the following, I will describe several ways of importing data from MaxQuant. The general approaches will also be applicable to data from other tools, you will just have to adapt the column names.
MaxQuant is a popular tool for identifying, integrating, and combining MS peaks to derive peptide and protein intensities. MaxQuant produces several output files including proteinGroups.txt. It is usually a tab separated table with a lot of different columns, which can make it difficult to not get overwhelmed with information.
The most important columns that every proteinGroups.txt file contains are
Protein IDs: a semicolon delimited text listing all protein identifiers that match an identified set of peptides. Most of the time this is just a single protein, but sometimes proteins are so similar to each other because of gene duplication that it was not possible to distinguish them.
Majority protein IDs: a semicolon delimited text that lists all proteins from the Protein IDs column which had more than half of their peptides identified.
Identification type [SAMPLENAME]: For each sample there is one column that explains how the peptide peaks where identified. Either they were directly sequenced by the MS2 (“By MS/MS”) or by matching the m/z peak and elution timing across samples (“By matching”).
Intensity [SAMPLENAME]: The combined intensity of the peptides of the protein.
Missing or non-identified proteins are simply stored as 0. In a label-free
experiment, this is also often called LFQ Intensity [SAMPLENAME].
iBAQ [SAMPLENAME]: iBAQ is short for intensity-based absolute quantification. It is an attempt to make intensity values comparable across proteins. Usually the intensity values are only relative, which means that they are only comparable within one protein. This is because differences in ionization and detection efficiency. It is usually better to just compare the Intensity columns to identify differentially abundant proteins.
Only identified by site: Contains a “+” if the protein was only identified by a modification site.
Reverse: Contains a “+” if the protein matches the reversed part of the decoy database.
Contaminant: Contains a “+” if the protein is a commonly occurring contaminant.
The last three columns are commonly used to filter out false positive hits.
The full information what each column means is provided in the tables.pdf file in the MaxQuant output folder.
Our goal is to turn this complicated table into a useable matrix or a
SummarizedExperiment object. There are several ways to achieve this:
read.delim() and [<-) to read in the datatidyverse packages to load the file and turn it into a useable objectDEP package
and the import_MaxQuant() functionI will demonstrate each approach using an example file that comes with this package.
The example file contains the LFQ data from a BioID experiment in Drosophila melanogaster. 11 different Palmitoyltransferases (short DHHC) were tagged with a promiscuous biotin ligase and all biotinylated proteins were enriched and identified using label-free mass spectrometry. The conditions are named after the tagged DHHC and the negative control condition is called S2R for the cell line. Each condition was measured in triplicates, which means that there are a total of 36 samples To make the file smaller, I provide a reduced data set which only contains the first 122 rows of the data.
The example file is located in
system.file("extdata/proteinGroups.txt",
package = "proDA", mustWork = TRUE)
#> [1] "/home/biocbuild/bbs-3.20-bioc/tmpdir/RtmpaDFRKb/Rinst93a653ff8e903/proDA/extdata/proteinGroups.txt"In this specific file, all spaces have been replaced with dots. This is an example how each output file from MaxQuant slightly differs. This can make it difficult to write a generic import function. Instead I will first demonstrate the most general approach which is to simply use the base R tools for loading the data and turning it into useful objects.
The first step is to load the full table.
full_data <- read.delim(
system.file("extdata/proteinGroups.txt",
package = "proDA", mustWork = TRUE),
stringsAsFactors = FALSE
)
head(colnames(full_data))
#> [1] "Protein.IDs" "Majority.protein.IDs" "Peptide.counts..all."
#> [4] "Peptide.counts..razor.unique." "Peptide.counts..unique." "Protein.names"Next, I create a matrix of the intensity data, where each sample is a column and each protein group is a row.
# I use a regular expression (regex) to select the intensity columns
intensity_colnames <- grep("^LFQ\\.intensity\\.", colnames(full_data), value=TRUE)
# Create matrix which only contains the intensity columns
data <- as.matrix(full_data[, intensity_colnames])
colnames(data) <- sub("^LFQ\\.intensity\\.", "", intensity_colnames)
# Code missing values explicitly as NA
data[data == 0] <- NA
# log transformation to account for mean-variance relation
data <- log2(data)
# Overview of data
data[1:7, 1:6]
#> CG1407.01 CG1407.02 CG1407.03 CG4676.01 CG4676.02 CG4676.03
#> [1,] NA NA NA NA NA NA
#> [2,] NA NA NA NA NA NA
#> [3,] NA NA NA NA 20.20120 NA
#> [4,] NA 18.87622 18.90683 NA 18.77520 NA
#> [5,] 20.98961 20.40302 19.78941 NA 20.22682 NA
#> [6,] NA NA NA NA 19.25836 NA
#> [7,] NA NA NA NA NA NA
# Set rownames after showing data, because they are so long
rownames(data) <- full_data$Protein.IDsIn the next step I will create an annotation data.frame that contains information
on the sample name, the condition and the replicate.
annotation_df <- data.frame(
Condition = sub("\\.\\d+", "", sub("^LFQ\\.intensity\\.",
"", intensity_colnames)),
Replicate = as.numeric(sub("^LFQ\\.intensity\\.[[:alnum:]]+\\.",
"", intensity_colnames)),
stringsAsFactors = FALSE, row.names = colnames(data)
)
head(annotation_df)
#> Condition Replicate
#> CG1407.01 CG1407 1
#> CG1407.02 CG1407 2
#> CG1407.03 CG1407 3
#> CG4676.01 CG4676 1
#> CG4676.02 CG4676 2
#> CG4676.03 CG4676 3We can use this data to fit the probabilistic dropout model and test for differentially abundant proteins.
# Not Run
library(proDA)
fit <- proDA(data, design= annotation_df$Condition, col_data = annotation_df)
test_diff(fit, contrast = CG1407 - S2R)
# End Not RunOptionally, we can turn the data also into a SummarizedExperiment
or MSnSet object
library(SummarizedExperiment)
se <- SummarizedExperiment(SimpleList(LFQ=data), colData=annotation_df)
rowData(se) <- full_data[, c("Only.identified.by.site",
"Reverse", "Potential.contaminant")]
se
#> class: SummarizedExperiment
#> dim: 122 36
#> metadata(0):
#> assays(1): LFQ
#> rownames(122): Q8IP47;Q9VJP8;Q9V435;A0A023GPQ3;Q2PDT6;Q7K540 A0A023GPV6;A8JV04;Q7YU03 ...
#> A0A0B4KGU4;Q9VHP0;M9PBB5;P09052 A0A0B4KGW0;Q8IMX7-2;A0A0B4J3Z9;Q8IMX7
#> rowData names(3): Only.identified.by.site Reverse Potential.contaminant
#> colnames(36): CG1407.01 CG1407.02 ... S2R.02 S2R.03
#> colData names(2): Condition Replicatelibrary(MSnbase)
fData <- AnnotatedDataFrame(full_data[, c("Only.identified.by.site",
"Reverse", "Potential.contaminant")])
rownames(fData) <- rownames(data)
ms <- MSnSet(data, pData=AnnotatedDataFrame(annotation_df), fData=fData)
ms
#> MSnSet (storageMode: lockedEnvironment)
#> assayData: 122 features, 36 samples
#> element names: exprs
#> protocolData: none
#> phenoData
#> sampleNames: CG1407.01 CG1407.02 ... S2R.03 (36 total)
#> varLabels: Condition Replicate
#> varMetadata: labelDescription
#> featureData
#> featureNames: Q8IP47;Q9VJP8;Q9V435;A0A023GPQ3;Q2PDT6;Q7K540 A0A023GPV6;A8JV04;Q7YU03
#> ... A0A0B4KGW0;Q8IMX7-2;A0A0B4J3Z9;Q8IMX7 (122 total)
#> fvarLabels: Only.identified.by.site Reverse Potential.contaminant
#> fvarMetadata: labelDescription
#> experimentData: use 'experimentData(object)'
#> Annotation:
#> - - - Processing information - - -
#> MSnbase version: 2.32.0Both input types are also accepted by proDA.
# Not Run
library(proDA)
fit <- proDA(se, design = ~ Condition - 1)
test_diff(fit, contrast = ConditionCG1407 - ConditionS2R)
# End Not RunThe tidyverse is a set of coherent R packages
that provide many useful functions
for common data analysis tasks. It replicates many of the functionalities
already available in base R packages, but learns from its mistakes and avoids
some of the surprising behaviors. For example strings are never automatically
converted to factors. Another popular feature in the tidyverse is the pipe
operator (%>%) that makes it easy to chain complex transformations.
library(dplyr)
library(stringr)
library(readr)
library(tidyr)
library(tibble)
# Or short
# library(tidyverse)I first load the full data file
# The read_tsv function works faster and more reliable than read.delim
# But it sometimes needs help to identify the right type for each column,
# because it looks only at the first 1,000 elements.
# Here, I explicitly define the `Reverse` column as a character column
full_data <- read_tsv(
system.file("extdata/proteinGroups.txt",
package = "proDA", mustWork = TRUE),
col_types = cols(Reverse = col_character())
)
full_data
#> # A tibble: 122 × 359
#> Protein.IDs Majority.protein.IDs Peptide.counts..all. Peptide.counts..razo…¹
#> <chr> <chr> <chr> <chr>
#> 1 Q8IP47;Q9VJP8;Q9V435;A0A023GPQ3… Q8IP47;Q9VJP8;Q9V43… 7;7;7;7;3;1 7;7;7;7;3;1
#> 2 A0A023GPV6;A8JV04;Q7YU03 A0A023GPV6;A8JV04;Q… 2;2;2 2;2;2
#> 3 A0A023GQA5;P24156 A0A023GQA5;P24156 13;13 13;13
#> 4 Q1RKY1;A0A0B4LG19;A0A0B4J401;B7… Q1RKY1;A0A0B4LG19;A… 3;3;3;3;3;3;3;3;3;3… 3;3;3;3;3;3;3;3;3;3;3…
#> 5 A0A0B4JD00;A8DY69;I0E2I4;A0A0B4… A0A0B4JD00;A8DY69;I… 6;6;6;6;6;5;5;5;5 6;6;6;6;6;5;5;5;5
#> 6 A0A0B4JCT8;Q9V780 A0A0B4JCT8;Q9V780 2;2 2;2
#> 7 A0A0B4LHQ4;A0A0B4JD62;A0A0B4JDB… A0A0B4LHQ4;A0A0B4JD… 3;3;3;3;3;3;3;3;3 3;3;3;3;3;3;3;3;3
#> 8 A0A0B4JCW4;Q9VHJ8;Q95U38 A0A0B4JCW4;Q9VHJ8;Q… 10;10;10 10;10;10
#> 9 Q9VDV4;A0A0B4JCY1;Q8IN71;A0A0B4… Q9VDV4;A0A0B4JCY1;Q… 4;4;3;3 4;4;3;3
#> 10 A0A0B4JCY6;Q7KSF4;A0A0B4KHN1;A0… A0A0B4JCY6;Q7KSF4;A… 6;6;6;6;6;3;3;3;3 6;6;6;6;6;3;3;3;3
#> # ℹ 112 more rows
#> # ℹ abbreviated name: ¹Peptide.counts..razor.unique.
#> # ℹ 355 more variables: Peptide.counts..unique. <chr>, Protein.names <chr>, Gene.names <chr>,
#> # Fasta.headers <chr>, Number.of.proteins <dbl>, Peptides <dbl>, Razor...unique.peptides <dbl>,
#> # Unique.peptides <dbl>, Peptides.CG1407.01 <dbl>, Peptides.CG1407.02 <dbl>,
#> # Peptides.CG1407.03 <dbl>, Peptides.CG4676.01 <dbl>, Peptides.CG4676.02 <dbl>,
#> # Peptides.CG4676.03 <dbl>, Peptides.CG51963.01 <dbl>, Peptides.CG51963.02 <dbl>, …Next, I create a tidy version of the data set. I pipe (%>%) the
results from each transformation to the next transformation, to
first select the columns of interest, reshape (gather) the dataset from
wide to long format, and lastly create new columns with mutate.
# I explicitly call `dplyr::select()` because there is a naming conflict
# between the tidyverse and BioConductor packages for `select()` function
tidy_data <- full_data %>%
dplyr::select(ProteinID=Protein.IDs, starts_with("LFQ.intensity.")) %>%
gather(Sample, Intensity, starts_with("LFQ.intensity.")) %>%
mutate(Condition = str_match(Sample,
"LFQ\\.intensity\\.([[:alnum:]]+)\\.\\d+")[,2]) %>%
mutate(Replicate = as.numeric(str_match(Sample,
"LFQ\\.intensity\\.[[:alnum:]]+\\.(\\d+)")[,2])) %>%
mutate(SampleName = paste0(Condition, ".", Replicate))
tidy_data
#> # A tibble: 4,392 × 6
#> ProteinID Sample Intensity Condition Replicate SampleName
#> <chr> <chr> <dbl> <chr> <dbl> <chr>
#> 1 Q8IP47;Q9VJP8;Q9V435;A0A023GPQ3;Q2PDT6;Q7K540 LFQ.i… 0 CG1407 1 CG1407.1
#> 2 A0A023GPV6;A8JV04;Q7YU03 LFQ.i… 0 CG1407 1 CG1407.1
#> 3 A0A023GQA5;P24156 LFQ.i… 0 CG1407 1 CG1407.1
#> 4 Q1RKY1;A0A0B4LG19;A0A0B4J401;B7YZL2;A1ZBH5;B7YZL… LFQ.i… 0 CG1407 1 CG1407.1
#> 5 A0A0B4JD00;A8DY69;I0E2I4;A0A0B4JCQ5;Q8SXP0;E5DK1… LFQ.i… 2082100 CG1407 1 CG1407.1
#> 6 A0A0B4JCT8;Q9V780 LFQ.i… 0 CG1407 1 CG1407.1
#> 7 A0A0B4LHQ4;A0A0B4JD62;A0A0B4JDB5;A0A0B4LGQ5;A0A0… LFQ.i… 0 CG1407 1 CG1407.1
#> 8 A0A0B4JCW4;Q9VHJ8;Q95U38 LFQ.i… 2858600 CG1407 1 CG1407.1
#> 9 Q9VDV4;A0A0B4JCY1;Q8IN71;A0A0B4KGH4 LFQ.i… 1291400 CG1407 1 CG1407.1
#> 10 A0A0B4JCY6;Q7KSF4;A0A0B4KHN1;A0A0B4KGT8;Q9VEN1;A… LFQ.i… 0 CG1407 1 CG1407.1
#> # ℹ 4,382 more rowsUsing the tidy data, I create the annotation data frame and the data matrix.
data <- tidy_data %>%
mutate(Intensity = ifelse(Intensity == 0, NA, log2(Intensity))) %>%
dplyr::select(ProteinID, SampleName, Intensity) %>%
spread(SampleName, Intensity) %>%
column_to_rownames("ProteinID") %>%
as.matrix()
data[1:4, 1:7]
#> CG1407.1 CG1407.2 CG1407.3 CG4676.1 CG4676.2 CG4676.3 CG51963.1
#> A0A023GPV6;A8JV04;Q7YU03 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
#> A0A023GQA5;P24156 NA NA NA NA 20.20120 NA 18.09151
#> A0A0B4JCT8;Q9V780 NA NA NA NA 19.25836 NA NA
#> A0A0B4JCW4;Q9VHJ8;Q95U38 21.44688 22.29852 21.19821 NA 21.91189 NA 22.14476
annotation_df <- tidy_data %>%
dplyr::select(SampleName, Condition, Replicate) %>%
distinct() %>%
arrange(Condition, Replicate) %>%
as.data.frame() %>%
column_to_rownames("SampleName")
annotation_df
#> Condition Replicate
#> CG1407.1 CG1407 1
#> CG1407.2 CG1407 2
#> CG1407.3 CG1407 3
#> CG4676.1 CG4676 1
#> CG4676.2 CG4676 2
#> CG4676.3 CG4676 3
#> CG51963.1 CG51963 1
#> CG51963.2 CG51963 2
#> CG51963.3 CG51963 3
#> CG5620A.1 CG5620A 1
#> CG5620A.2 CG5620A 2
#> CG5620A.3 CG5620A 3
#> CG5620B.1 CG5620B 1
#> CG5620B.2 CG5620B 2
#> CG5620B.3 CG5620B 3
#> CG5880.1 CG5880 1
#> CG5880.2 CG5880 2
#> CG5880.3 CG5880 3
#> CG6017.1 CG6017 1
#> CG6017.2 CG6017 2
#> CG6017.3 CG6017 3
#> CG6618.1 CG6618 1
#> CG6618.2 CG6618 2
#> CG6618.3 CG6618 3
#> CG6627.1 CG6627 1
#> CG6627.2 CG6627 2
#> CG6627.3 CG6627 3
#> CG8314.1 CG8314 1
#> CG8314.2 CG8314 2
#> CG8314.3 CG8314 3
#> GsbPI.1 GsbPI 1
#> GsbPI.2 GsbPI 2
#> GsbPI.3 GsbPI 3
#> S2R.1 S2R 1
#> S2R.2 S2R 2
#> S2R.3 S2R 3Optionally, we can again turn this into a SummarizedExperiment or MSnSet object
library(SummarizedExperiment)
se <- SummarizedExperiment(SimpleList(LFQ=data), colData=annotation_df)
rowData(se) <- full_data[, c("Only.identified.by.site",
"Reverse", "Potential.contaminant")]
se
#> class: SummarizedExperiment
#> dim: 122 36
#> metadata(0):
#> assays(1): LFQ
#> rownames(122): A0A023GPV6;A8JV04;Q7YU03 A0A023GQA5;P24156 ... Q9VHX9;A0A0B4KFA6
#> Q9VNF8;A0A0B4K6T4;A0A0B4K5Z8
#> rowData names(3): Only.identified.by.site Reverse Potential.contaminant
#> colnames(36): CG1407.1 CG1407.2 ... S2R.2 S2R.3
#> colData names(2): Condition Replicatelibrary(MSnbase)
fData <- AnnotatedDataFrame(full_data[, c("Only.identified.by.site",
"Reverse", "Potential.contaminant")])
rownames(fData) <- rownames(data)
#> Warning: Setting row names on a tibble is deprecated.
ms <- MSnSet(data, pData=AnnotatedDataFrame(annotation_df), fData=fData)
ms
#> MSnSet (storageMode: lockedEnvironment)
#> assayData: 122 features, 36 samples
#> element names: exprs
#> protocolData: none
#> phenoData
#> sampleNames: CG1407.1 CG1407.2 ... S2R.3 (36 total)
#> varLabels: Condition Replicate
#> varMetadata: labelDescription
#> featureData
#> featureNames: 1 2 ... 3 (122 total)
#> fvarLabels: Only.identified.by.site Reverse Potential.contaminant
#> fvarMetadata: labelDescription
#> experimentData: use 'experimentData(object)'
#> Annotation:
#> - - - Processing information - - -
#> MSnbase version: 2.32.0Both input types are also accepted by proDA.
# Not Run
library(proDA)
fit <- proDA(se, design = ~ Condition - 1)
test_diff(fit, contrast = ConditionCG1407 - ConditionS2R)
# End Not RunDEP is a BioConductor package that is designed for the analysis of mass spectrometry data. It provides helper functions to impute missing values and makes it easy to run limma on the completed dataset.
To load the data, we need to provide all the column names of the
intensity values. I then call the import_MaxQuant() function that directly
creates a SummarizedExperiment object.
library(DEP)
#>
#> Attaching package: 'DEP'
#> The following object is masked from 'package:MSnbase':
#>
#> impute
#> The following object is masked from 'package:ProtGenerics':
#>
#> impute
#> The following object is masked from 'package:proDA':
#>
#> test_diff
full_data <- read.delim(
system.file("extdata/proteinGroups.txt",
package = "proDA", mustWork = TRUE),
stringsAsFactors = FALSE
)
exp_design <- data.frame(
label =c("LFQ.intensity.CG1407.01", "LFQ.intensity.CG1407.02", "LFQ.intensity.CG1407.03", "LFQ.intensity.CG4676.01", "LFQ.intensity.CG4676.02", "LFQ.intensity.CG4676.03", "LFQ.intensity.CG51963.01", "LFQ.intensity.CG51963.02", "LFQ.intensity.CG51963.03","LFQ.intensity.CG5620A.01", "LFQ.intensity.CG5620A.02", "LFQ.intensity.CG5620A.03", "LFQ.intensity.CG5620B.01","LFQ.intensity.CG5620B.02", "LFQ.intensity.CG5620B.03", "LFQ.intensity.CG5880.01", "LFQ.intensity.CG5880.02", "LFQ.intensity.CG5880.03", "LFQ.intensity.CG6017.01", "LFQ.intensity.CG6017.02", "LFQ.intensity.CG6017.03", "LFQ.intensity.CG6618.01", "LFQ.intensity.CG6618.02", "LFQ.intensity.CG6618.03", "LFQ.intensity.CG6627.01", "LFQ.intensity.CG6627.02", "LFQ.intensity.CG6627.03", "LFQ.intensity.CG8314.01", "LFQ.intensity.CG8314.02", "LFQ.intensity.CG8314.03", "LFQ.intensity.GsbPI.001", "LFQ.intensity.GsbPI.002", "LFQ.intensity.GsbPI.003", "LFQ.intensity.S2R.01", "LFQ.intensity.S2R.02", "LFQ.intensity.S2R.03"),
condition = c("CG1407", "CG1407", "CG1407", "CG4676", "CG4676", "CG4676", "CG51963", "CG51963", "CG51963", "CG5620A", "CG5620A", "CG5620A", "CG5620B", "CG5620B", "CG5620B", "CG5880", "CG5880", "CG5880", "CG6017", "CG6017", "CG6017", "CG6618", "CG6618", "CG6618", "CG6627", "CG6627", "CG6627", "CG8314", "CG8314", "CG8314", "GsbPI", "GsbPI", "GsbPI", "S2R", "S2R", "S2R" ),
replicate = rep(1:3, times=12),
stringsAsFactors = FALSE
)
se <- import_MaxQuant(full_data, exp_design)
#> Filtering based on 'Reverse', 'Potential.contaminant' column(s)
#> Making unique names
#> Obtaining SummarizedExperiment object
se
#> class: SummarizedExperiment
#> dim: 122 36
#> metadata(0):
#> assays(1): ''
#> rownames(122): yuri A0A023GPV6 ... bel Miro
#> rowData names(325): Protein.IDs Majority.protein.IDs ... name ID
#> colnames(36): CG1407_1 CG1407_2 ... S2R_2 S2R_3
#> colData names(4): label ID condition replicate
assay(se)[1:5, 1:5]
#> CG1407_1 CG1407_2 CG1407_3 CG4676_1 CG4676_2
#> yuri NA NA NA NA NA
#> A0A023GPV6 NA NA NA NA NA
#> l(2)37Cc NA NA NA NA 20.20120
#> CG10737-RC NA 18.87622 18.90683 NA 18.77520
#> Lpin 20.98961 20.40302 19.78941 NA 20.22682Again, we can run proDA on the result:
# Not Run
library(proDA)
fit <- proDA(se, design = ~ condition - 1)
# Here, we need to be specific, because DEP also has a test_diff method
proDA::test_diff(fit, contrast = conditionCG1407 - conditionS2R)
# End Not RunsessionInfo()
#> R version 4.4.1 (2024-06-14)
#> Platform: x86_64-pc-linux-gnu
#> Running under: Ubuntu 24.04.1 LTS
#>
#> Matrix products: default
#> BLAS: /home/biocbuild/bbs-3.20-bioc/R/lib/libRblas.so
#> LAPACK: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/lapack/liblapack.so.3.12.0
#>
#> locale:
#> [1] LC_CTYPE=en_US.UTF-8 LC_NUMERIC=C LC_TIME=en_GB
#> [4] LC_COLLATE=C LC_MONETARY=en_US.UTF-8 LC_MESSAGES=en_US.UTF-8
#> [7] LC_PAPER=en_US.UTF-8 LC_NAME=C LC_ADDRESS=C
#> [10] LC_TELEPHONE=C LC_MEASUREMENT=en_US.UTF-8 LC_IDENTIFICATION=C
#>
#> time zone: America/New_York
#> tzcode source: system (glibc)
#>
#> attached base packages:
#> [1] stats4 stats graphics grDevices utils datasets methods base
#>
#> other attached packages:
#> [1] DEP_1.28.0 tibble_3.2.1 tidyr_1.3.1
#> [4] readr_2.1.5 stringr_1.5.1 dplyr_1.1.4
#> [7] MSnbase_2.32.0 ProtGenerics_1.38.0 mzR_2.40.0
#> [10] Rcpp_1.0.13 SummarizedExperiment_1.36.0 Biobase_2.66.0
#> [13] GenomicRanges_1.58.0 GenomeInfoDb_1.42.0 IRanges_2.40.0
#> [16] S4Vectors_0.44.0 BiocGenerics_0.52.0 MatrixGenerics_1.18.0
#> [19] matrixStats_1.4.1 proDA_1.20.0 BiocStyle_2.34.0
#>
#> loaded via a namespace (and not attached):
#> [1] RColorBrewer_1.1-3 jsonlite_1.8.9 shape_1.4.6.1
#> [4] MultiAssayExperiment_1.32.0 magrittr_2.0.3 magick_2.8.5
#> [7] MALDIquant_1.22.3 rmarkdown_2.28 GlobalOptions_0.1.2
#> [10] zlibbioc_1.52.0 vctrs_0.6.5 tinytex_0.53
#> [13] htmltools_0.5.8.1 S4Arrays_1.6.0 SparseArray_1.6.0
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